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Evidence database
Plain-language summaries of every pivotal GLP-1 trial — STEP, SURMOUNT, SURPASS, SUSTAIN, SCALE, AWARD, REWIND, and SELECT. Primary endpoints, effect sizes, and full citations to peer-reviewed publications. Trials cited are for FDA-approved branded products only — compounded GLP-1s have not been studied in equivalent randomized controlled trials.
21
Pivotal trials
51,539
Total participants
12
Years of data (2013–2024)
6
FDA-approved brands
Primary-endpoint percent body-weight change at trial end. Bars sorted by effect size. Conducted on FDA-approved branded products only — compounded GLP-1s have not been studied in equivalent RCTs.
| Trial | NCT ID | Percent weight loss |
|---|---|---|
| SURMOUNT-1 · Zepbound | NCT04184622 | 20.9% |
| STEP-1 · Wegovy | NCT03548935 | 14.9% |
| SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes · Saxenda | NCT01272219 | 8.0% |
| SCALE Maintenance · Saxenda | NCT01267617 | 6.2% |
SURMOUNT-4 · NCT04660643
Zepbound · Tirzepatide670 participants 88 weeks JAMA, 2024Obesity / overweight
Continued tirzepatide arm lost additional 5.5%; placebo-switched arm regained 14.0% (between-group difference -19.4 percentage points)
SELECT · NCT03574597
Wegovy · Semaglutide17,604 participants 208 weeks New England Journal of Medicine, 2023Cardiovascular outcomes
20% relative risk reduction in MACE on semaglutide 2.4mg vs placebo (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72-0.90)
SURMOUNT-2 · NCT04657003
Zepbound · Tirzepatide938 participants 72 weeks The Lancet, 2023Obesity + type 2 diabetes
Mean weight loss 12.8% (10mg) and 14.7% (15mg) on tirzepatide vs 3.2% on placebo in adults with T2D
SURMOUNT-3 · NCT04657016
Zepbound · Tirzepatide579 participants 72 weeks Nature Medicine, 2023Obesity / overweight
Additional 18.4% weight loss on tirzepatide vs 2.5% weight regain on placebo after lifestyle-intervention lead-in
STEP-5 · NCT03693430
Wegovy · Semaglutide304 participants 104 weeks Nature Medicine, 2022Obesity / overweight
Mean weight loss 15.2% on semaglutide 2.4mg vs 2.6% on placebo at 2 years
STEP-TEENS · NCT04102189
Wegovy · Semaglutide201 participants 68 weeks New England Journal of Medicine, 2022Obesity / overweight
Mean BMI change -16.1% on semaglutide 2.4mg vs +0.6% on placebo in adolescents
SURMOUNT-1 · NCT04184622
Zepbound · Tirzepatide2,539 participants 72 weeks New England Journal of Medicine, 2022Obesity / overweight
Mean weight loss 15.0% (5mg), 19.5% (10mg), and 20.9% (15mg) on tirzepatide vs 3.1% on placebo
STEP-1 · NCT03548935
Wegovy · Semaglutide1,961 participants 68 weeks New England Journal of Medicine, 2021Obesity / overweight
Mean weight loss 14.9% on semaglutide 2.4mg vs 2.4% on placebo (estimated treatment difference -12.4 percentage points)
STEP-2 · NCT03552757
Wegovy · Semaglutide1,210 participants 68 weeks The Lancet, 2021Obesity + type 2 diabetes
Mean weight loss 9.6% on semaglutide 2.4mg vs 3.4% on placebo in adults with type 2 diabetes
STEP-3 · NCT03611582
Wegovy · Semaglutide611 participants 68 weeks JAMA, 2021Obesity / overweight
Mean weight loss 16.0% on semaglutide 2.4mg + intensive behavioral therapy vs 5.7% on placebo + IBT
STEP-4 · NCT03548987
Wegovy · Semaglutide803 participants 68 weeks JAMA, 2021Obesity / overweight
Participants continuing semaglutide lost an additional 7.9%; those switched to placebo regained 6.9% (between-group difference -14.8 percentage points)
SURPASS-1 · NCT03954834
Mounjaro · Tirzepatide478 participants 40 weeks The Lancet, 2021Type 2 diabetes
HbA1c reduction 1.87% (5mg), 1.89% (10mg), and 2.07% (15mg) on tirzepatide vs +0.04% on placebo
SURPASS-2 · NCT03987919
Mounjaro · Tirzepatide1,879 participants 40 weeks New England Journal of Medicine, 2021Type 2 diabetes
HbA1c reduction 2.01% (5mg), 2.24% (10mg), and 2.30% (15mg) tirzepatide vs 1.86% semaglutide 1mg
SURPASS-3 · NCT03882970
Mounjaro · Tirzepatide1,444 participants 52 weeks The Lancet, 2021Type 2 diabetes
HbA1c reduction 1.93% (5mg), 2.20% (10mg), and 2.37% (15mg) tirzepatide vs 1.34% insulin degludec
SURPASS-4 · NCT03730662
Mounjaro · Tirzepatide2,002 participants 52 weeks The Lancet, 2021Type 2 diabetes
HbA1c reduction 2.11% (5mg), 2.30% (10mg), and 2.41% (15mg) tirzepatide vs 1.44% insulin glargine
REWIND · NCT01394952
Trulicity · Dulaglutide9,901 participants 280 weeks The Lancet, 2019Cardiovascular outcomes
12% relative risk reduction in MACE on dulaglutide 1.5mg vs placebo (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.99)
AWARD-7 · NCT01621178
Trulicity · Dulaglutide577 participants 52 weeks The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2018Type 2 diabetes
HbA1c reduction 1.2% (1.5mg) and 1.1% (0.75mg) on dulaglutide vs 1.1% on insulin glargine in adults with CKD
SUSTAIN-1 · NCT02054897
Ozempic · Semaglutide388 participants 30 weeks The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2017Type 2 diabetes
HbA1c reduction 1.45% (semaglutide 0.5mg) and 1.55% (semaglutide 1.0mg) vs 0.02% on placebo
SUSTAIN-6 · NCT01720446
Ozempic · Semaglutide3,297 participants 104 weeks New England Journal of Medicine, 2016Cardiovascular outcomes
26% relative risk reduction in MACE on semaglutide vs placebo (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.95)
SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes · NCT01272219
Saxenda · Liraglutide3,731 participants 56 weeks New England Journal of Medicine, 2015Obesity / overweight
Mean weight loss 8.0% on liraglutide 3.0mg vs 2.6% on placebo
SCALE Maintenance · NCT01267617
Saxenda · Liraglutide422 participants 56 weeks International Journal of Obesity, 2013Obesity / overweight
Additional 6.2% weight loss on liraglutide 3.0mg vs 0.2% on placebo after a 5% LCD lead-in
GLP1Zoom is an affiliate-only comparator — we cite published trials, we do not conduct them. Each trial entry links to the canonical ClinicalTrials.gov registration and the primary publication. We do not provide medical advice; always discuss treatment decisions with your prescribing clinician. Full disclaimer. Verify any trial at ClinicalTrials.gov.